Properties of cotton cotton fiber properties cotton. The industrial revolution in england and the invention of the cotton gin in the u. Mar, 2018 cotton buyers judge cotton on the basis of samples cut from the bales. The word cotton originated from the arabic term al qutn, which became in spanish algodon and cotton in english. Environmental benefits of natural fibre production and use. Here are typical properties of the sample natural fibers as compared to the properties of. The stalks and leaves of the cotton plant are plowed under to enrich the soil. This, then, is the story of cotton where and how it is grown, marketed, processed and manufactured into the many useful products that have served the world so well for so long. The name egyptian cotton is broadly associated high quality cottons and is often an ls or less often an els cotton. Here, i have present some grading system of some countries by which they grade their cotton. Cotton played an important role in the history of india, the british empire, and the united states, and continues to be an important crop and commodity the history of the domestication of cotton is very complex and is not known exactly. Fabrics the history of fabrics and different fibers. Sources and origins textiles edexcel gcse design and.
The seed hair, or cotton fibre, reaching a maximum length of about 6 cm 2. As sheep and wool have been a part of human civilisation ever since making, the history of wool is therefore complex. Technology has improved over the past centuries making cotton growth and production much more efficient. It is the arithmetic mean of the length of all the fibers present in a sample of the cotton. Definition of length is based on two criteria one based on its full length i.
Chemical structure and properties of cotton 27 intensities decreased rapidly from 3 dpa to 10 dpa, the 722 cm 1 band, also observed in the spectrum of 3dpa fibers, increased markedly. A natural fibre may be further defined as an agglomeration of cells in which the diameter is negligible in comparison with the length. Cotton absorbsupto27timesitsownweight inwater hasacomfortable,softhand iseasytolaunder takesdyeeasily,goodcolorretention isdurableandstrong conductsheatwell resistsabrasion resistspillingandmoths haslittleresiliency. Natural fibre, any hairlike raw material directly obtainable from an animal, vegetable, or mineral source and convertible into nonwoven fabrics such as felt or paper or, after spinning into yarns, into woven cloth. Structural development of cotton fibers and linkages to fiber quality. Used primarily for its fiber, cotton was domesticated independently in both the old and new worlds. Several isolated civilizations in both the old and new world independently. Before we ever place our hands on it, cotton is already a true miracle borne directly from nature, and has been for thousands of years. When a fibre is subjected to a force, it will stress to a certain degree. Cotton fibre is a plant derived natural seed fibre used extensively in the manufacture of denim fabrics. It is worth mentioning here that while the annual growth rate of polyester in the 1990s to the beginning of the new millennium was 7% as against the then 12% growth rate of cotton, the second half of. Natural cellulose, such as cotton or bleached kraft, show smaller fibrils jutting out and. Cotton fibre contains 9095% cellulose which is an organic compound with the general formula c 6 h 10 o 5. The history of cotton can be traced to domestication.
Some cottonseed also is used as highprotein concentrate in baked goods and other food products. Scientists believe that cotton was first cultivated in the indus delta. Cotton seed are believed to have been planted in florida in 1556 and in virginia in 1607. Fibres can be divided into natural fibres and manmade or chemical fibres. May 04, 2019 cotton cultivation first spread from india to egypt, china, and the south pacific. Cotton fibre is more or less twisted on its longitudinal axis which cab not be seen from out side is called convolution. History of wool international wool textile organisation. Country of origin requirements vary depending on whether the product is made wholly or partially in australia or is imported. Except fiber, other impurities and dust such as broken leaf, broken seeds piece are called trash of the cotton. Cotton fibres grow on the surface of the seed of cotton plant fig. Long staple ls cotton is cotton of a longer fibre length and therefore of higher quality, while extralong staple cotton els cotton has longer fibre length still and of even higher quality. Fibres used to create yarns can be obtained from either natural or synthetic sources. In 1793, eli whitney developed the cotton gin, which mechanically separates the seed from the lint fiber.
By 1500, cotton was known generally throughout the world. For many thousand years, the usage of fibre was limited by natural fibres such as flax, cotton, silk, wool and plant fibres for different applications. Cotton plant is cultivated in most of the countries of the world. Introduction history of fibres is as old as human civilization. D chromosome structural evolution in the new world tetraploid since its origin, and.
Purified cotton is exempt from osha cotton dust standards. Highly crystalline cellulose has been shown to decompose at higher temperatures, for instance 380. History of cotton no one knows exactly how old cotton is. Physical properties of cotton fiber end uses of cotton fiber. Cotton fibers grading is done depending on their physical characteristics such as length, strength, fineness, maturity, trash content etc. When a single fibre is beingconsidered, the strength of te fibre is commonly described as tanacity. The textile products labelling and fibre composition regulations 2012 11. Like all the textile fibers, cotton has its own physical and chemical properties which are required to know for better processing in spinning, weaving, knitting, dyeing, printing as well as finishing.
Classify the fibres according to their origin as natural and man made fibres. Cotton lint was spun and woven into cloth even before 3000 b. Grown mainly in the usa, india, egypt, the west indies. Physical and chemical properties of cotton fibre textile. Arab merchants brought cotton cloth to europe about 800 a. The structure of the primary cell wall of the cotton fibre, and particularly the outer surface layer the cuticle, has a major influence on fibre properties, processing. The origins of cotton production and use go back to ancient times.
Vegetable origin cotton, jute, hemp, flax animal origin wool, silk mineral origin asbestos, glass wool synthetic origin nylon, regenerated from cellulose rayon. Pdf the structure of cotton and other plant fibers researchgate. The cotton plant is a shrub native to tropical and subtropical regions throughout the world including africa, americas and india. Here is a vital new source of needtoknow information for cotton industry professionals. The greatest diversity of wild cotton species is found in mexico, followed. Cotton was first spun by machinery in england in 1730. A considerable amount of processing is required to extract the useful fibre from the rest of the stem. The history of the domestication of cotton is very complex and is not known exactly. In australia, the bulk of the cotton industry is concentrated in northern new south wales and southern queensland. The history of fibres is as old as human civilization. Here, i have written about physical and chemical properties of cotton fiber.
Cotton, like rayon and wood pulp fibers, is made of cellulose. The characteristics of the cotton fiber is not same, it varies on climate, weather, cultivating system, harvesting system and others. Describe how manmade fibres and filaments are manufactured. Flax is a fibre obtained from the stem of the plant linum usitatissimum. Cotton quality, mainly fibre length and diameter, is largely dependent on genetics. Cotton fibers grading is depend on the trash content of the cotton fiber. It takes 6 months from seed to flower to seed boll. Lang formerly agent, division of cotton and other fiber crops and diseases, bureau of plant industryy united states department of agriculture introduction the mature seeds of most varieties of upland cotton are covered with two different types of hairs, 1 the long lint hairs that are ex. Fibre maturity properties are also under genetic control, but as they depend on photosynthate deposition in the cell wall they are more sensitive to environmental stress. References to it are to be found in the works of the greek and roman writers. Cotton fibre is one of the most important natural textile fibres of plant origin and accounts for about one third of the total world production of textile fibres.
The story of cotton national cotton council of america. Scientists believe that cotton was first cultivated in. In fact, cotton is the backbone and basic foundation of the worlds textile trade and industry. Length parameters of cotton fibers textile study center. Its tensile strength is between wool and silk fibre but disadvantage is low. By adding chemicals in the soil, color of the cotton fibre may be varied. Lang formerly agent, division of cotton and other fiber crops and diseases, bureau of plant industryy united states department of agriculture introduction the mature seeds of most varieties of upland cotton are covered. Growth and production of cotton encyclopedia of life. The morphology and physical performance properties of the cotton fiber are. Under natural conditions, the cotton bolls will increase the dispersal of the seeds.
Under natural conditions, the cotton bolls will tend to increase the dispersal of the seeds. Cotton fibre is fairly short, fine and creamy white color. After it is processed into threads and fabrics, it is. Cotton producing states in nigeria and its cultivation processes. Proper usage and audio pronunciation plus ipa phonetic transcription of the word cotton fiber. Physical properties of cotton fiber end uses of cotton fiber cotton fiber.
Cotton is a seed fiber, meaning the fiber grows from seeds. Cotton fibre is fairly among natural fibres in relation to tenacity which is 33. Understand the difference between a fibre and a filament. Most fibre properties have reasonable heritability, but each one is under. Cotton cultivation first spread from india to egypt, china, and the south pacific. Below are a few important mile stones in wools history. When columbus discovered america in 1492, he found cotton growing in the bahama islands. Even before 10,000 bc wool was an important fibre to clothe primitive human tribes. The cotton plant is a perennial with reputedly the most complex structure of any major field crop. Museum staff who care for textiles should have a basic understanding of the characteristics of fibres. In the present volume, dealing with the chemical technology of the textile fibres except as concerns the dyestuffs, which will be treated in a separate work, the author has been obliged to con dense the available matter as much as possible, in order to preserve the form of a textbook. For more information, see the competition and consumer act 2010 refer volume 3, schedule 2, chapter 5, part 53 country of origin representations.
Major producers of cotton fibre are china, india, us, pakistan and brazil. Cotton producing states in nigeria and its cultivation. It provides the basic raw material cotton fibre to cotton textile industry. At about the same time, natives of egypts nile valley were making and wearing cotton clothing. Cotton is a soft, staple fiber that grows in a form known as a boll around the seeds of the cotton plant, a shrub native to tropical and subtropical regions around the world, including the americas, india, and africa. Most commercially cultivated cotton is derived from two species, g. Among the seed and fruit fibres, cotton has grown in stature as the most important textile fiber in the world. Cotton fiber morphology and textile performance properties s. Cotton is the most important fibre crop not only of india but of the entire world. Sewing cotton therearenohardandfastrulesforsewingwithcotton becausetheresomanyfabrictypes. China, india, usa, pakistan and uzbekistan are the five. This is a cotton fabric with beautiful eyelets all over. In fact, since purified cotton fiber can be used in so many different ways, most people come into contact with this wondrous fiber in some shape or form each and every day due to its reliability and versatility. This cotton fabric has a checkerboard pattern in its weave.
Cotton fabric that is brushed on the surface to remove extra lint and fibers, making it extra soft and smooth. Cotton was introduced into europe by the mohammedans. The first evidence of cotton use was found in india and pakistan, and dates from about 6,000 b. Traces of natural fibres have been located to ancient civilizations all over the globe. Cotton is grown either as a dryland crop, relying on rainfall, or as an irrigated crop where a reliable water supply is available. The history of conventional cotton production worldwide.
Linters, fibres considerably shorter than the seed hair and more closely connected to the seed, come from a second growth beginning about 10 days after the first seed hairs begin to develop. These mills converted cotton fibers into yarn and cloth. Cotton is planted when the soil temperature reaches 14 c at a depth of 10 cm for at least 3 days. Cotton fibre is one of the most important natural textile fibres of plant origin and accounts for about one. Article information, pdf download for cotton fiber morphology and textile.
Unlike other references that focus solely on growing the crop, this book also emphasizes the cotton industry as a whole, and includes material on the nature of cotton fibers and their processing. Pdf chemical structure and properties of cotton researchgate. Natural fibres canadian conservation institute cci. Cottons many unique properties have made it useful as a textile fiber for over 5000 years. Cotton fiber physical and chemical properties of cotton. Cellulose is a macromolecule made up of anhydroglucose unit connected by 1, 4 oxygen bridges with the polymer repeating unit being anhydrobetacellulose. Traces of natural fibres have been located to ancient civilizations all over the gobe. Its relied upon in the medical and pharmaceutical industries, and has plenty of personal and homecare applications as well. Guidance on the textile products labelling and fibre. Physical properties of cotton fiber end uses of cotton. Nevertheless, it seemed necessary, in certain cases, in the interests of the book, to. History of fibres natural and manmade fibres textile school.
Whitney named his machine a gin, short for the word engine. Skilled cotton classers grade or class the cotton according to standards established by the us department of agriculture such as cleanliness, the degree of whiteness, length of the fiber, and fiber strength. The biology and ecology of cotton gossypium hirsutum in. For many thousand years, the usage of fiber was limited by natural fibres such as flax, cotton, silk, wool and plant fibres for different applications. The biology and ecology of cotton gossypium hirsutum in australia. These countries produce about 80% of cotton globally. Natural fibres come from natural growing sources both. The fibres, which form the subject matter of this lesson, are the basis of clothing and therefore their importance cannot be overemphasized. Flax is considered to be the oldest and the most used natural fibre since ancient times. This includes information on cottons origin, biosynthesis, production. By 1616, colonists were growing cotton along the james river in virginia. Cotton played an important role in the history of india, the british empire, and the united states, and continues to be an important crop and commodity. The timing of cotton cultivation varies slightly throughout australia, depending on climate.
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